পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতিতে সিদ্ধান্ত বিশ্লেষণমূলক মডেলিং
ক্ষেত্র	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1990s (modern applications)	1975
প্রবর্তক	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Pauker & Kassirer (medical decision analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital)
ধরন	Method	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Pauker, S. G., & Kassirer, J. P. (1975). Therapeutic Decision Making: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 293(5), 229-234.
অপর নাম	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	decision analysis, decision tree, decision model, health economic model
সম্পর্কিত	3	5
সারসংক্ষেপ	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Decision analytic modeling is a systematic framework for comparing health interventions by integrating evidence on probabilities, outcomes, costs, and patient preferences into a quantitative model. Developed by Pauker and Kassirer in 1975, decision analysis structures clinical uncertainty and economic trade-offs, enabling transparent comparison of treatment options and identification of optimal strategies. Used in health technology assessment, clinical practice guideline development, and resource allocation decisions.