পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি	ব্যয়-কার্যকারিতা বিশ্লেষণ (CEA)
ক্ষেত্র	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1990s (modern applications)	1984
প্রবর্তক	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Drummond & Stoddart (Health Economics Research Group, McMaster University)
ধরন	Method	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Gold, M. R., Siegel, J. E., Russell, L. B., & Weinstein, M. C. (Eds.). (1996). Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
অপর নাম	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	CEA, ICER, Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio
সম্পর্কিত	3	5
সারসংক্ষেপ	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Cost-effectiveness analysis compares the incremental cost per unit of health benefit gained by one intervention relative to a comparator (standard care or best alternative). Developed rigorously in the 1980s by Drummond, Stoddart, and colleagues, CEA is now the standard framework for technology appraisal globally. NICE, HAS, CADTH, and other health technology assessment bodies use CEA to decide which treatments warrant public funding and at what price.