পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	স্থির প্রভাব প্যানেল মডেল	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি
ক্ষেত্র	অর্থমিতি	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	2005	1990s (modern applications)
প্রবর্তক	Baltagi (textbook treatment); Hausman test for FE vs RE choice	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
ধরন	Panel data regression	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251–1271.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
অপর নাম	within estimator, panel fixed effects, entity fixed effects model, Panel Sabit Etkiler Modeli	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
সম্পর্কিত	5	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	The fixed effects panel model estimates relationships in panel data (many units observed over time) by exploiting only the within-unit variation, so that unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity is controlled away. It is the central within estimator developed in Baltagi's Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (2005), and the choice between it and the random effects model is settled by the Hausman (1978) test.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.