পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	বাস্তুসংস্থানিক গবেষণা (Ecological Study)	কোহর্ট স্টাডি
ক্ষেত্র	মহামারীবিদ্যা	মহামারীবিদ্যা
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	19th century (Snow 1854); formalised mid-20th century	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
প্রবর্তক	Various; foundational work by John Snow (1854) and systematised in modern form by Brian MacMahon and colleagues	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
ধরন	Observational epidemiological study	Observational longitudinal study design
মৌলিক উৎস	Morgenstern, H. (1995). Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annual Review of Public Health, 16(1), 61–81.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
অপর নাম	aggregate study, correlational study, ecological correlation study, population-level study	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
সম্পর্কিত	5	6
সারসংক্ষেপ	An ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the unit of analysis is a group or population — a country, region, city, or time period — rather than an individual. Exposures and outcomes are measured as aggregates (rates, proportions, or means) and then correlated across groups to generate or evaluate hypotheses about population-level associations between risk factors and disease.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.