পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	নাগরিক সম্পৃক্ততা পরিমাপক	সামাজিক সংহতি পরিমাপক
ক্ষেত্র	রাজনৈতিক সমাজবিজ্ঞান	রাজনৈতিক সমাজবিজ্ঞান
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1995–2008	1997–2006
প্রবর্তক	Cliff Zukin, Scott Keeter, Russell Dalton	Robert Sampson, Ray Forrest, Akhtar Kearns
ধরন	Self-report questionnaire / Behavioral frequency	Self-report questionnaire
মৌলিক উৎস	Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. Oxford University Press.	Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918-924.
অপর নাম	CES, Political Participation Scale	SCS, Social Integration Index
সম্পর্কিত	4	5
সারসংক্ষেপ	The Civic Engagement Scale measures the extent and type of an individual's participation in civic, political, and community life. Rather than a single construct, it typically encompasses multiple dimensions: electoral participation (voting), political activity (contacting officials, campaign involvement), civic service (volunteering, organizational membership), and social participation (community meetings, neighborhood involvement). Developed by scholars including Zukin, Keeter, and Dalton, it captures how citizens actualize their democratic role.	The Social Cohesion Scale measures the degree to which members of a community feel integrated, connected, and unified by shared values and mutual support. Developed across multiple traditions—notably by Robert Sampson and colleagues in criminology and urban sociology, and by Forrest & Kearns in housing research—it assesses both the structural glue (institutions, networks) and affective bonds (belonging, solidarity) that hold communities together.