পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	বেইসিয়ান পর্যবেক্ষণমূলক পরিমাণগত গবেষণা	মাল্টিলেভেল মডেলিং
ক্ষেত্র	গবেষণা নকশা	গবেষণা পরিসংখ্যান
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1990s–2000s (systematic application to observational research)	1992
প্রবর্তক	Thomas Bayes (foundational theorem, 1763); modern applied form developed by Sander Greenland, Andrew Gelman, and colleagues (1990s–2000s)	Anthony Bryk and Stephen Raudenbush
ধরন	Quantitative non-experimental research design with Bayesian inference	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A., & Rubin, D. B. (2013). Bayesian Data Analysis (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN: 978-1439840955	Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. SAGE Publications.
অপর নাম	Bayesian observational study, Bayesian non-experimental quantitative design, Bayesian causal observational analysis, BOQR	HLM, mixed-effects models, random effects models, MLM
সম্পর্কিত	4	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	Bayesian observational quantitative research applies Bayesian statistical inference to data collected without experimental manipulation — surveys, administrative records, registries, or secondary datasets. Instead of relying solely on p-values and confidence intervals, the analyst encodes prior knowledge about parameters as probability distributions, updates them with observed data via Bayes' theorem, and reports conclusions as posterior probability statements. The approach is especially valued in epidemiology, social science, and health services research where randomisation is impossible or unethical.	Multilevel modeling (also called hierarchical linear modeling, mixed-effects modeling) is a statistical framework for analyzing data organized in nested or clustered structures—students within schools, patients within hospitals, repeated measures within individuals. Developed by Bryk and Raudenbush (1992), it accounts for dependency among observations and partitions variance into levels (within-cluster and between-cluster), enabling valid inference and revealing context effects. Essential in education, medicine, organizational research, and any field where data have natural hierarchies.