পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	বেইসিয়ান ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (Bayesian IV)	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি
ক্ষেত্র	কার্যকারণ অনুমান	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	2003	1990s (modern applications)
প্রবর্তক	Kleibergen & Zivot (2003); Lancaster (2004)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
ধরন	Causal inference / Bayesian estimation	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Kleibergen, F., & Zivot, E. (2003). Bayesian and classical approaches to instrumental variable regression. Journal of Econometrics, 114(1), 29-72.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
অপর নাম	Bayesian IV, Bayesian 2SLS, Bayesian LIML, BayesIV	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
সম্পর্কিত	6	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	Bayesian Instrumental Variables combines the instrumental variable strategy for addressing endogeneity with Bayesian posterior inference. Instead of relying on asymptotic sampling distributions, it places prior distributions over all structural parameters and recovers a full posterior distribution for the causal effect, providing probability statements about the parameter rather than p-values — especially valuable when instruments are weak or the sample is small.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.