Сравнение на методи

	Тест с плацебо в изследванията в областта на образованието	Метод на инструменталните променливи (IV) за причинно-следствен анализ
Област	Причинно-следствено заключение	Икономика на здравеопазването
Семейство	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Година на възникване	1990s–2000s	1990s (modern applications)
Създател	Widely adopted in applied econometrics and education research; codified by Imbens, Wooldridge, Lee, and Lemieux	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
Тип	Falsification / robustness check	Method
Основополагащ източник	Imbens, G. W., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(1), 5-86.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Други названия	placebo regression, falsification test, placebo check, fake-treatment test	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
Свързани	4	3
Резюме	A placebo test is a falsification check used in quasi-experimental education research to validate a causal design. By applying the same estimator to a time period, group, or outcome where no real effect should exist, researchers verify that their identification strategy is not picking up spurious patterns. A statistically significant placebo estimate signals a flaw in the design, while a null result supports its credibility.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.