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| Multilevel Differential Item Functioning× | Теория на отговора на елемент (ТОЕ)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Област | Психометрия | Психометрия |
| Семейство | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Година на възникване≠ | 2001 | 1952–1968 |
| Създател≠ | Kamata (2001) and subsequent multilevel IRT/DIF literature | Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models) |
| Тип≠ | Bias detection / multilevel measurement model | Probabilistic measurement model |
| Основополагащ източник≠ | French, B. F., & Finch, W. H. (2008). Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis: Locating the invariant referent sets. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15(1), 96–113. DOI ↗ | Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ |
| Други названия | multilevel DIF, hierarchical DIF analysis, cross-level DIF, ML-DIF | IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory |
| Свързани | 5 | 5 |
| Резюме≠ | Multilevel DIF analysis detects whether individual test or survey items function differently across groups when respondents are clustered within higher-level units — such as students nested in schools, employees in organizations, or patients in clinics. By accounting for hierarchical data structure, it separates genuine item bias from artificial DIF signals caused by ignoring clustering. | Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons. |
| ScholarGateНабор от данни ↗ |
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