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| Скала за болнична тревожност и депресия (HADS)× | Скала за депресия на Центъра за епидемиологични изследвания (CES-D)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Област | Клинична психология | Клинична психология |
| Семейство | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Година на възникване≠ | 1983 | 1977 |
| Създател≠ | Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith | Lenore Sawyer Radloff |
| Тип≠ | Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations | Community-based depression assessment |
| Основополагащ източник≠ | Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. DOI ↗ | Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. DOI ↗ |
| Други названия≠ | HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D | CES-D, CESD |
| Свързани≠ | 4 | 5 |
| Резюме≠ | The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide. | The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide. |
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