قارن الطرق

	مقياس كراهية الأجانب	مقياس التماسك الاجتماعي
المجال	علم الاجتماع السياسي	علم الاجتماع السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2009–2016	1997–2006
صاحب الطريقة	Alin Ceobanu, Xavier Escandell, Elke Schlueter	Robert Sampson, Ray Forrest, Akhtar Kearns
النوع	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
المصدر التأسيسي	Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: The European Social Survey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(6), 953-969.	Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918-924.
الأسماء البديلة	XS, Anti-Immigration Attitude Scale	SCS, Social Integration Index
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Xenophobia Scale measures fear, discomfort, or prejudice toward foreign nationals and immigrants. Unlike immigration policy preferences (which can reflect economic or pragmatic considerations), xenophobia captures affective and attitudinal dimensions—emotional threat perception, negative stereotypes, and cultural distance. Developed by migration scholars including Ceobanu and Escandell, it is essential for understanding antiforeign sentiment and discriminatory attitudes across diverse contexts.	The Social Cohesion Scale measures the degree to which members of a community feel integrated, connected, and unified by shared values and mutual support. Developed across multiple traditions—notably by Robert Sampson and colleagues in criminology and urban sociology, and by Forrest & Kearns in housing research—it assesses both the structural glue (institutions, networks) and affective bonds (belonging, solidarity) that hold communities together.