قارن الطرق

	مقياس كراهية الأجانب	مقياس الثقة المعممة
المجال	علم الاجتماع السياسي	علم الاجتماع السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2009–2016	1956–1994
صاحب الطريقة	Alin Ceobanu, Xavier Escandell, Elke Schlueter	Morris Rosenberg, Toshio Yamagishi
النوع	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
المصدر التأسيسي	Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: The European Social Survey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(6), 953-969.	Rosenberg, M. (1956). Misanthropy, political ideology, and political information. Public Opinion Quarterly, 20(2), 274-290.
الأسماء البديلة	XS, Anti-Immigration Attitude Scale	GTS, Trust in Strangers
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Xenophobia Scale measures fear, discomfort, or prejudice toward foreign nationals and immigrants. Unlike immigration policy preferences (which can reflect economic or pragmatic considerations), xenophobia captures affective and attitudinal dimensions—emotional threat perception, negative stereotypes, and cultural distance. Developed by migration scholars including Ceobanu and Escandell, it is essential for understanding antiforeign sentiment and discriminatory attitudes across diverse contexts.	The Generalized Trust Scale measures an individual's propensity to trust people in general, particularly strangers with whom they have no direct relationship. Originally developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1956 and later refined by Toshio Yamagishi and colleagues, it has become foundational in research on social capital, civic participation, and intergroup relations.