قارن الطرق

	حيود الأشعة السينية	تحليل الكيمياء الفراغية
المجال	الكيمياء	الكيمياء
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1912	1966
صاحب الطريقة	William Henry Bragg & William Lawrence Bragg	Cahn, Ingold, & Prelog
النوع	Structural determination technique	Nomenclature system
المصدر التأسيسي	Bragg, W. H., & Bragg, W. L. (1913). The reflection of X-rays by crystals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 88(605), 428–438.	Cahn, R. S., Ingold, C., & Prelog, V. (1966). Specification of molecular chirality. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 5(4), 385–415.
الأسماء البديلة	X-ray diffraction, crystallography, single-crystal X-ray	stereochemical analysis, configuration assignment, chirality analysis
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	X-ray crystallography is a technique that determines the three-dimensional atomic structure of crystals by analyzing the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays pass through them. Developed by William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg in 1912, X-ray crystallography has become the gold standard for structure determination in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science, winning multiple Nobel Prizes for its profound impact.	Stereochemistry analysis is the systematic study of three-dimensional molecular structures, with emphasis on determining the spatial arrangement of atoms around chiral centers and assigning unambiguous names to stereoisomers. Formalized by Cahn, Ingold, and Prelog in 1966, the CIP (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) rules provide an objective method for assigning R/S (or E/Z) nomenclature, enabling unambiguous communication of molecular structure.