قارن الطرق

	Worldwide Governance Indicators	Corruption Perception Measurement
المجال	Public Administration	Public Administration
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1999	1995
صاحب الطريقة	Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay & Massimo Mastruzzi	Transparency International
النوع	Composite governance index	Composite perception index
المصدر التأسيسي	Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(2), 220–246.	Transparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI): methodology and annual results. Transparency International, Berlin.
الأسماء البديلة	WGI, Kaufmann-Kraay-Mastruzzi Indicators, World Bank Governance Indicators, Aggregate Governance Indicators	Corruption Perceptions Index Method, Perceived Corruption Measurement, CPI Aggregation Method, Corruption Scoring
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) are a long-running World Bank project that measures the quality of governance across more than two hundred countries on six dimensions: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. Developed by Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi from 1999, the WGI combine hundreds of underlying variables from dozens of survey and expert sources using a statistical unobserved-components model. The result is a set of comparable scores, each accompanied by an explicit margin of error, published on the World Bank's governance portal.	Corruption perception measurement quantifies how corrupt the public sector of a country is perceived to be, since actual corruption is hidden and cannot be observed directly. The canonical instrument, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), combines multiple independent expert assessments and business surveys into a single composite score per country. Each source is standardised onto a common scale and the rescaled scores are averaged, producing an index that ranks countries and tracks perceived integrity over time. The method explicitly reports uncertainty, echoing the aggregation logic of the World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators.