قارن الطرق

	vocd-D (D Measure)	N-gram Analysis
المجال	علم اللغة	علم اللغة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2004	1999
صاحب الطريقة	David Malvern & Brian Richards	Corpus linguists (Douglas Biber; lexical bundles tradition)
النوع	Length-robust index of lexical diversity	Frequency analysis of contiguous word sequences
المصدر التأسيسي	Malvern, D., Richards, B., Chipere, N., & Durán, P. (2004). Lexical Diversity and Language Development: Quantification and Assessment. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN: 9781403902313	Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman. ISBN: 9780582237254
الأسماء البديلة	vocd-D, D Measure, vocd, HD-D	Lexical Bundle Analysis, Cluster Analysis (corpus linguistics), Contiguous Sequence Analysis
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	vocd-D, also called the D measure, is a length-robust index of lexical diversity developed by David Malvern and Brian Richards. Instead of reporting a single type-token ratio, it characterizes how a text's TTR falls as sample size grows and fits that empirical curve to a one-parameter probabilistic model; the fitted parameter D is the diversity score, with higher D meaning richer vocabulary. HD-D, introduced by McCarthy and Jarvis, is the mathematically exact, sampling-free counterpart that computes the same underlying quantity directly from the hypergeometric distribution.	N-gram analysis is a corpus-linguistic technique that extracts and ranks every contiguous sequence of n words (or characters) in a corpus, exposing the recurrent multi-word units — two-word bigrams, three-word trigrams, and longer 'lexical bundles' — that make up a register or text type. By counting how often each sequence recurs, it reveals the prefabricated, formulaic backbone of language that single-word frequency lists cannot capture.