قارن الطرق

	تحليل نمطي	علم طبقات الأرض الأثري
المجال	الأساليب الميدانية	الأساليب الميدانية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	Late 19th century (Montelius ~1885); extended broadly through 20th century	Formalized 1973–1979 (Harris Matrix); geological principle applied to archaeology from mid-19th century
صاحب الطريقة	Oscar Montelius (seriation/typology in archaeology); formalized across disciplines through 19th–20th c. comparative humanities	Edward C. Harris (Harris Matrix formalization); William Smith (geological law of superposition applied to archaeology, 19th c.)
النوع	Classificatory / interpretive method	Field excavation and sequence recording method
المصدر التأسيسي	McKern, W. C. (1939). The Midwestern Taxonomic Method as an aid to archaeological culture study. American Antiquity, 4(4), 301–313.	Harris, E. C. (1979). Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0123264220
الأسماء البديلة	typology construction, artifact typology, type analysis, classificatory typology	stratigraphic excavation, Harris matrix method, stratigraphic sequence analysis, layer-by-layer excavation
ذات صلة	6	5
الملخص	Typological analysis is a systematic method for grouping objects, texts, legal categories, or social phenomena into defined types based on shared attributes. Originating in archaeology and linguistics, it is now widely applied across the humanities and social sciences to impose analytical order on diverse corpora, trace historical change, and enable meaningful comparison across cases or cultures.	Archaeological stratigraphy is the systematic excavation and recording of soil layers, deposits, and features at an archaeological site in order to establish the relative chronological sequence of human activity. Grounded in the geological law of superposition — that lower layers are older than those above — it uses the Harris Matrix as a formal tool to map depositional relationships and reconstruct site history layer by layer.