قارن الطرق

	نموذج الاستجابة للمفردة (IRT) اللوجستي ثنائي المعلمة (2PL)	الموثوقية بين المقيمين (كابا كوهين ومعامل الارتباط داخل الفئة)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1980	1960 (kappa); 1979 (ICC)
صاحب الطريقة	Frederic M. Lord	Cohen (kappa, 1960); Shrout & Fleiss (ICC, 1979)
النوع	Item response model / latent trait model	Reliability / agreement analysis
المصدر التأسيسي	Lord, F. M. (1980). Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems. Erlbaum.	Cohen, J. (1960). A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46.
الأسماء البديلة	two-parameter logistic model, 2PL model, 2PL IRT — İki Parametreli Madde Tepki Modeli	inter-rater reliability, interrater agreement, rater agreement, Değerlendiriciler Arası Güvenilirlik (Cohen's κ, ICC)
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	The two-parameter logistic item response model, formalised by Frederic Lord (1980), describes the probability that a respondent answers a binary test item correctly as a smooth S-shaped function of the respondent's latent ability. By estimating a separate discrimination parameter for each item alongside a difficulty parameter, 2PL allows items to differ in how sharply they distinguish high- from low-ability respondents — making it the standard model for large-scale educational and psychological assessments.	Interrater reliability quantifies the degree to which two or more independent raters produce consistent scores when evaluating the same individuals or products. The family encompasses Cohen's kappa, introduced in 1960 for categorical judgments, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for continuous ratings, together spanning most measurement scenarios encountered in behavioral, health, and educational research.