قارن الطرق

	نموذج الاستجابة للمفردة (IRT) اللوجستي ثنائي المعلمة (2PL)	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1980	1969
صاحب الطريقة	Frederic M. Lord	Karl Jöreskog
النوع	Item response model / latent trait model	Measurement model / latent variable analysis
المصدر التأسيسي	Lord, F. M. (1980). Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems. Erlbaum.	Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363
الأسماء البديلة	two-parameter logistic model, 2PL model, 2PL IRT — İki Parametreli Madde Tepki Modeli	Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi — Ölçek Doğrulama (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model testing
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	The two-parameter logistic item response model, formalised by Frederic Lord (1980), describes the probability that a respondent answers a binary test item correctly as a smooth S-shaped function of the respondent's latent ability. By estimating a separate discrimination parameter for each item alongside a difficulty parameter, 2PL allows items to differ in how sharply they distinguish high- from low-ability respondents — making it the standard model for large-scale educational and psychological assessments.	Confirmatory factor analysis is a measurement modelling technique that tests whether a hypothesised factor structure — typically derived from theory or an earlier exploratory analysis — fits observed data from a new sample. Developed by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it became the dominant tool for validating psychological scales because it requires the researcher to specify in advance which items belong to which latent factor and then assesses the adequacy of that specification against explicit statistical fit criteria.