قارن الطرق

	الترميز التوربيني مع فك التشفير التكراري	الأكواد القطبية مع فك التشفير بالإلغاء المتتالي
المجال	الاتصالات	الاتصالات
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1993	2009
صاحب الطريقة	Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux, and Punya Thitimajshima	Erdal Arikan
النوع	iterative error-correcting code	recursive error-correcting code
المصدر التأسيسي	Berrou, C., Glavieux, A., & Thitimajshima, P. (1993). Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 1064-1070.	Arikan, E. (2009). Channel polarization: A method for constructing capacity-achieving codes for symmetric binary-input memoryless channels. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 55(7), 3051-3073.
الأسماء البديلة	iterative decoding, concatenated codes	channel polarization, recursive codes
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	Turbo codes, introduced by Berrou, Glavieux, and Thitimajshima in 1993, are a landmark in channel coding history. They achieve performance within 0.5 dB of the Shannon limit—the theoretical boundary for reliable communication—a feat previously thought impossible with practical complexity. Turbo codes use concatenated convolutional codes with an interleaver and iterative decoding via belief propagation. They were adopted in 3G (UMTS) and remain important in 4G/5G systems alongside LDPC codes.	Polar codes, introduced by Erdal Arikan in 2009, are the first constructive family of codes proven to achieve the Shannon capacity of symmetric binary-input memoryless channels. They use recursive construction and successive cancellation decoding, a simple greedy algorithm with theoretical guarantees. Polar codes were adopted in 5G NR for control channel coding and are studied for future 6G systems. Unlike turbo and LDPC codes (which are empirical), polar codes provide rigorous theoretical foundations.