قارن الطرق

	Tsunami Inundation Modeling	تحليل المخاطر الزلزالية الاحتمالية (PSHA)
المجال	Disaster Studies	الهندسة المدنية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1998	1968
صاحب الطريقة	Vasily Titov & Costas Synolakis (MOST model and benchmarking)	C. Allin Cornell
النوع	Shallow-water numerical simulation pipeline (generation-propagation-inundation)	Quantitative probabilistic framework
المصدر التأسيسي	Titov, V. V., & Synolakis, C. E. (1998). Numerical Modeling of Tidal Wave Runup. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 124(4), 157-171.	Cornell, C. A. (1968). Engineering seismic risk analysis. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 58(5), 1583–1606.
الأسماء البديلة	Tsunami Runup Modeling, Tsunami Flooding Simulation, Shallow-Water Tsunami Inundation, Tsunami Hazard Simulation	PSHA, seismic hazard analysis, probabilistic earthquake hazard assessment, Cornell-McGuire method
ذات صلة	3	1
الملخص	Tsunami inundation modeling simulates the entire life of a tsunami — its generation by seafloor displacement, its propagation across the ocean, and its runup and flooding of the coast — by numerically solving the equations of shallow-water hydrodynamics. The shallow-water approximation holds because a tsunami's wavelength vastly exceeds the ocean depth, so the wave behaves as a long wave whose speed depends on water depth, refracting and shoaling as it approaches shore. Titov and Synolakis's 1998 work on numerical modeling of long-wave runup established the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST), a finite-difference solver that became the operational standard for tsunami forecasting and inundation mapping. Because such models drive emergency planning, Synolakis and colleagues' 2008 paper set out the analytical, laboratory, and field benchmarks every tsunami model must pass to be trusted. The defining technical challenge is the moving shoreline — the wetting and drying of land as the wave advances and retreats. The output is a map of maximum inundation depth, extent, and runup elevation along the coast.	Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) is a quantitative engineering framework used in civil and geotechnical engineering to estimate the likelihood that ground shaking will exceed a specified intensity level at a site within a given time window. By combining earthquake source geometry, recurrence statistics, and ground-motion attenuation models, PSHA produces hazard curves and maps that inform seismic design codes, infrastructure planning, and risk management decisions.