قارن الطرق

	Transaction Cost Analysis in the Public Sector	Red Tape Measurement
المجال	Public Administration	Public Administration
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1981	2000
صاحب الطريقة	Oliver E. Williamson	Barry Bozeman
النوع	Institutional-economics analysis	Survey-based organizational measurement
المصدر التأسيسي	Williamson, O. E. (1981). The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), 548–577.	Bozeman, B. (2000). Bureaucracy and Red Tape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780137566501
الأسماء البديلة	Public Transaction Cost Economics, Make-or-Buy Analysis in Government, Transaction Cost Governance Analysis	Red Tape Assessment, Bureaucratic Red Tape Measurement, Organizational Red Tape Analysis
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Transaction cost analysis in the public sector applies the economics of organisation to decisions about how government should structure the provision of goods and services — in house, by contract, or through hybrid arrangements. Oliver Williamson's 1981 article The Economics of Organization set out the transaction-cost approach, arguing that the choice of governance structure should economise on the costs of negotiating, monitoring and enforcing exchanges, not just on production costs. The method identifies the relevant transaction, assesses its attributes such as asset specificity and uncertainty, enumerates the governance alternatives, and aligns the structure to the transaction so that total cost is minimised. Its purpose is to explain and guide make-or-buy and contracting decisions in public administration.	Red tape measurement is the systematic assessment of burdensome organisational rules and procedures that impose compliance costs without advancing the legitimate purposes the rules were meant to serve. The approach was given rigorous theoretical foundations by Barry Bozeman, whose 2000 book Bureaucracy and Red Tape defined red tape precisely so that it could be studied rather than merely complained about. Crucially, the framework distinguishes pathological red tape from legitimate, functional rules, and separates the objective existence of rules from managers' and employees' perceptions of them. Its goal is to measure how much red tape an organisation carries, where it comes from, and what it costs in performance and morale.