قارن الطرق

	Tourism CGE Modeling	Tourism Input-Output Analysis
المجال	Tourism Economics	Tourism Economics
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	2004	1989
صاحب الطريقة	Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth & Ray Spurr (tourism application)	Wassily Leontief (framework); John E. Fletcher (tourism application)
النوع	Economy-wide general-equilibrium simulation model for tourism shocks	Inter-industry economic-impact model for tourism final demand
المصدر التأسيسي	Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Spurr, R. (2004). Evaluating tourism's economic effects: new and old approaches. Tourism Management, 25(3), 307-317.	Fletcher, J. E. (1989). Input-output analysis and tourism impact studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(4), 514-529.
الأسماء البديلة	Tourism Computable General Equilibrium, CGE Tourism Impact Model, General Equilibrium Tourism Analysis, Tourism Economy-Wide Modeling	Tourism I-O Analysis, Leontief Tourism Impact Model, Inter-Industry Tourism Analysis, Tourism Inter-Industry Modeling
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	Tourism computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling simulates how a change in tourism — a surge in inbound visitors, a major event, a new tax, or a demand collapse — ripples through an entire economy when prices, wages, exchange rates, and resources are free to adjust. Unlike input-output analysis, which assumes fixed prices and unlimited supply, a CGE model represents producers, households, government, and the rest of the world as optimising agents linked through markets that must clear. A tourism shock therefore bids up the prices of the resources tourism uses, draws labour and capital away from other sectors, and shifts the exchange rate, so the net economy-wide effect can differ sharply from a naive multiplier. Dwyer, Forsyth and Spurr's 2004 comparison made the influential case that CGE is the preferred technique for evaluating tourism's economic effects when these adjustments matter.	Tourism input-output analysis applies Wassily Leontief's inter-industry framework to measure how tourist spending reverberates through an entire economy. An input-output table records, sector by sector, how much each industry buys from every other industry to produce its output. By treating tourism expenditure as a final-demand shock to this system of linkages and inverting the Leontief matrix, the analyst captures not only the direct output of the businesses visitors patronise but also the indirect demand placed on their suppliers, and the suppliers' suppliers, throughout the production chain. John Fletcher's 1989 article established the rigorous tourism application of this method, and Dwyer, Forsyth and Spurr's 2004 comparison set out both its strengths as an impact tool and the assumptions that distinguish it from computable general equilibrium analysis.