قارن الطرق

	Time Allocation Study	Behavioral Observation Coding
المجال	Anthropology	Anthropology
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1984	1974
صاحب الطريقة	Ecological and economic anthropology (synthesized by Gross)	Behavioral sampling tradition (Altmann), adapted to anthropology (Bernard)
النوع	Research design for characterizing how people allocate time across activities	Systematic procedure for sampling and coding observed behavior
المصدر التأسيسي	Gross, D. R. (1984). Time allocation: a tool for the study of cultural behavior. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 519–558.	Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49(3–4), 227–267.
الأسماء البديلة	Time Allocation Research, Time Use Study, Time Budget Study, Activity Allocation Study	Behavior Coding, Systematic Observation Coding, Behavioral Sampling and Coding, Observational Coding
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	A time-allocation study is an anthropological research design that measures how people distribute their time across the activities of daily life — subsistence, domestic work, child care, leisure, ritual, and rest — in order to characterize a community's economy and way of life quantitatively. Data are gathered by directly observing what people do (through random spot checks or continuous focal observation) or by collecting recall diaries, and the activities are then expressed as shares of the total time budget. The result is an empirical portrait of how labor and leisure are organized and divided.	Behavioral observation coding is the systematic practice of recording who does what, when, by applying an explicit sampling rule and a predefined coding scheme to observed behaviour. Rather than jotting impressions, the observer commits in advance to a rule — focal-individual, scan, ad libitum, or continuous sampling — and to a list of mutually defined behaviour categories, so that records are reproducible and comparable. Because two trained observers should code the same scene the same way, the method also requires measuring inter-observer reliability before the data are trusted.