قارن الطرق

	نموذج SWAT	HEC-RAS	معادلة فقدان التربة العالمية (USLE)
المجال	الجيوفيزياء	الجيوفيزياء	الجيوفيزياء
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1998	1995	1978
صاحب الطريقة	Jeff Arnold and others at USDA-ARS	US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center	Waldo Wischmeier and Dwight Smith
النوع	Process-based watershed and water quality simulation	1D/2D river hydraulics and flood inundation modeling	Empirical soil erosion prediction model
المصدر التأسيسي	Arnold, J. G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R. S., & Williams, J. R. (1998). Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: Model development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(1), 73-89.	Brunner, G. W. (2010). HEC-RAS river analysis system hydraulic reference manual. US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center.	Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: A guide to conservation planning. USDA Agricultural Handbook 537.
الأسماء البديلة	SWAT	HEC-RAS	USLE, Revised USLE
ذات صلة	3	3	3
الملخص	The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a process-based watershed model that simulates the hydrological cycle, sediment transport, nutrient cycling, pesticide fate, and land management impacts across a watershed or large basin. Developed by Jeff Arnold and colleagues at USDA-ARS in 1998, SWAT has become a standard tool for evaluating non-point source pollution, assessing climate change impacts on water resources, and designing best management practices.	HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System) is a hydraulic modeling software developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers that computes water surface elevation and velocity in open channels and floodplains, and depicts inundation extent and depth. Since its introduction in 1995, HEC-RAS has become the de facto standard for floodplain delineation, dam break analysis, and flood risk assessment for regulatory and engineering purposes.	The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an empirical model that estimates annual soil loss due to sheet and rill erosion on hillslopes caused by rainfall and runoff. Developed by Wischmeier and Smith in 1978 from decades of erosion plot experiments, USLE has become a standard tool for erosion risk assessment, conservation planning, and best management practice design. The Revised USLE (RUSLE) updated the original model with improved factor algorithms.