قارن الطرق

	توازن اللعبة الجزئية المثالي	نظرية الألعاب التطورية
المجال	نظرية الألعاب	نظرية الألعاب
العائلة	Machine learning	Machine learning
سنة النشأة	1965	1973
صاحب الطريقة	Reinhard Selten	John Maynard Smith, George Price
النوع	algorithm	algorithm
المصدر التأسيسي	Selten, R. (1965). Spieltheoretische Behandlung eines Oligopolmodells mit Nachfrageträgheit. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 121, 301-324.	Smith, J. M., & Price, G. R. (1973). The logic of animal conflict. Nature, 246(5427), 15-18.
الأسماء البديلة	Backward Induction, Sequential Equilibrium, Extensive-Form Equilibrium	ESS, Evolutionarily Stable Strategy, Replicator Dynamics
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Subgame Perfect Equilibrium (SPE) is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium for sequential games, introduced by Reinhard Selten in 1965. It requires that strategy profiles constitute a Nash Equilibrium in every subgame, eliminating non-credible threats and incredible promises. Backward induction is the primary computational method for finding SPE in finite games.	Evolutionary Game Theory applies game-theoretic reasoning to biological evolution and social dynamics, where populations of agents with different strategies interact repeatedly. Introduced by John Maynard Smith and George Price in 1973, the framework uses the concept of Evolutionarily Stable Strategies (ESS) to identify strategy distributions that cannot be invaded by mutant strategies. Replicator dynamics describe how strategy frequencies evolve over time when reproduction is proportional to payoff success.