قارن الطرق

	عدسة الجاذبية القوية	عدسة الجاذبية الضعيفة
المجال	علم الفلك	علم الفلك
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1964	1992
صاحب الطريقة	Sjur Refsdal	Nick Kaiser
النوع	Observational measurement method	Observational measurement method
المصدر التأسيسي	Refsdal, S. (1964). On the possibility of determining Hubble's parameter and the masses of galaxies from the gravitational lens effect. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 128(4), 307-311.	Kaiser, N. (1992). Weak gravitational lensing of distant galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 388, 272-286.
الأسماء البديلة	Strong Lensing, Gravitational Lens, Einstein Ring	Weak Lensing, Cosmic Shear, Lensing Distortion
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	Strong gravitational lensing occurs when massive objects (clusters, galaxies) bend light so strongly that multiple images of distant sources appear, or complete rings (Einstein rings) form. Proposed by Sjur Refsdal in 1964 and first observed in 0957+561 in 1979, strong lensing provides direct measurements of lens masses and cosmic distances independent of the distance ladder.	Weak gravitational lensing occurs when light from distant sources bends slightly as it travels through the universe, passing through the gravitational fields of matter concentrations. Proposed theoretically by Nick Kaiser in 1992, this subtle effect has become one of the most powerful cosmological probes, directly revealing the distribution of all matter (dark and luminous) across cosmic distances.