قارن الطرق

	نموذج الخطأ المكاني (SEM)	نموذج التباطؤ المكاني (SAR / الانحدار الذاتي المكاني)
المجال	التحليل المكاني	التحليل المكاني
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1988	1988
صاحب الطريقة	Anselin	Anselin (textbook formalisation); LeSage & Pace
النوع	Spatial regression (spatially autocorrelated errors)	Spatial autoregressive regression
المصدر التأسيسي	Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic.	Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic.
الأسماء البديلة	SEM, spatial error regression, spatial autoregressive error model, Uzamsal Hata Modeli (SEM / Spatial Error)	SAR model, spatial autoregressive model, spatial lag, Uzamsal Gecikme Modeli (SAR / Spatial Lag)
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Spatial Error Model, developed within Anselin's spatial econometrics framework (1988), is a regression model that assumes spatial dependence enters through the error term: the disturbances of neighbouring units are correlated. It is used when unobserved shared factors make the errors of nearby observations move together, and it is estimated by maximum likelihood or GMM rather than ordinary least squares.	The Spatial Lag Model is an autoregressive regression that assumes spatial dependence in the dependent variable itself: the outcome values of neighbouring units enter the model as an explanatory term (ρWy). It was formalised in Anselin's Spatial Econometrics (1988) and developed further by LeSage and Pace (2009), and it decomposes spillover effects into direct, indirect, and total impacts.