قارن الطرق

	Sense-Making Methodology	Information Search Process Model
المجال	Library Information Science	Library Information Science
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1998	1991
صاحب الطريقة	Brenda Dervin	Carol C. Kuhlthau
النوع	Methodology and metaphor for studying how people make sense across discontinuity	Stage model of the holistic information search experience
المصدر التأسيسي	Dervin, B. (1998). Sense-making theory and practice: an overview of user interests in knowledge seeking and use. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2(2), 36-46.	Kuhlthau, C. C. (1991). Inside the search process: Information seeking from the user's perspective. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(5), 361-371.
الأسماء البديلة	Dervin Sense-Making, Situation-Gap-Use Model, Sense-Making Approach, Gap-Bridging Methodology	ISP Model, Kuhlthau Information Search Process, Uncertainty Principle of Information Seeking, Six-Stage Search Process
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	Sense-Making Methodology, developed by Brenda Dervin from the 1970s onward and synthesized in her 1998 overview, is a theory and method for studying how people construct meaning as they move through life and are repeatedly stopped by gaps in their understanding. Its central metaphor pictures a person moving through time-space, halted at a moment of discontinuity (a gap), and building a bridge across it by seeking and using information. Rather than classifying users by demographic traits, Sense-Making asks what situation a person was in, what gap or question they faced, and what help or use they sought — the situation-gap-use triad — elicited through the distinctive Time-Line and Micro-Moment interview. The approach reframes information not as an objective thing transmitted but as a construction people make sense of in context.	The Information Search Process (ISP) model, developed by Carol Kuhlthau and consolidated in her 1991 study 'Inside the Search Process,' describes information seeking as a holistic, extended experience in which feelings, thoughts and actions evolve together across six stages. Drawing on a series of longitudinal studies of students working on research papers, Kuhlthau showed that an information search is not a smooth, rational march to an answer but an emotional journey: uncertainty and anxiety are highest in the early, exploratory phase and only subside once the seeker forms a personal focus for the work. Her 'uncertainty principle' reframed information seeking as a process of construction in the sense of George Kelly's personal construct theory, and her notion of a 'zone of intervention' gave librarians and system designers a principled account of when and how to help.