قارن الطرق

	الانتحال الذاتي أو إعادة تدوير النصوص	التمييز بين التشابه والانتحال: فهم الفرق	الانتحال الحرفي
المجال	أخلاقيات البحث	أخلاقيات البحث	أخلاقيات البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1990s	2000s	1950s
صاحب الطريقة	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)	Academic integrity frameworks and plagiarism detection software companies	Academic integrity framework (modern definition)
النوع	Concept	Concept	Concept
المصدر التأسيسي	Roig, M. (2015). Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Research Integrity.	Hirsch, L. R. (2013). Recognizing plagiarism: A guide for academic professionals. Teaching Professor Blog.	Council of Canadian Academies (2019). The state of science and technology in Canada. Ottawa: Council of Canadian Academies.
الأسماء البديلة	text recycling, self-copying, duplicate publication, redundant publication	similarity index, turnitin score, similarity percentage	direct plagiarism, copy-and-paste plagiarism, literal copying
ذات صلة	2	4	4
الملخص	Self-plagiarism, or text recycling, occurs when an author reuses substantial portions of their own previously published work in a new publication without disclosure or acknowledgment. This includes republishing the same article in different venues, duplicating methods sections across multiple papers, or reusing discussion sections. While the intellectual property is the author's own, self-plagiarism is considered misconduct because it violates the principle that published work represents new research and it may inflate publication counts.	A critical distinction exists between similarity percentages generated by plagiarism detection software (Turnitin, iThenticate) and an actual plagiarism verdict. A similarity index is a red flag requiring review; it is not a plagiarism determination. High similarity can result from legitimate quotations, references, shared technical language, or common knowledge. Conversely, low similarity does not guarantee absence of plagiarism. Human expert judgment is essential—similarity detection software provides data, not judgment.	Verbatim plagiarism is the most straightforward and recognizable form of academic misconduct: copying text word-for-word from a source without quotation marks, citation, or attribution. It is the most easily detected form of plagiarism and carries severe institutional and career consequences.