قارن الطرق

	Scientific Collaboration Index (Co-Authorship Intensity)	Garfield's Law of Concentration
المجال	القياسات الببليومترية	القياسات الببليومترية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1983	1972
صاحب الطريقة	K. Subramanyam (review and Collaboration Index); S. M. Lawani (collaborative measures)	Eugene Garfield
النوع	Descriptive bibliometric indicators of co-authorship intensity	Descriptive bibliometric law and core-journal identification pipeline
المصدر التأسيسي	Subramanyam, K. (1983). Bibliometric studies of research collaboration: A review. Journal of Information Science, 6(1), 33-38.	Garfield, E. (1972). Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation. Science, 178(4060), 471-479.
الأسماء البديلة	Degree of Collaboration, Collaborative Coefficient, Co-Authorship Intensity, Collaboration Index	Law of Concentration, Core Journal Concentration, Garfield Concentration Law
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	The Scientific Collaboration Index family quantifies how collaborative a body of research is by analyzing the number of authors per paper. In his influential 1983 review of bibliometric studies of research collaboration, K. Subramanyam consolidated the main measures: the Degree of Collaboration (the proportion of multi-authored papers), the Collaboration Index (the mean number of authors per paper), and related indicators. S. M. Lawani and later Ajiferuke and colleagues refined these into the Collaborative Coefficient, which weights papers by how many authors share them while keeping the index bounded. Together these indices give simple, comparable summaries of co-authorship intensity that have documented the long-term rise of team science across nearly every field, and they remain standard descriptive tools in scientometrics, library science, and research-policy studies of collaboration.	Garfield's Law of Concentration is the bibliometric principle that the bulk of the significant scientific literature is concentrated in a relatively small, largely multidisciplinary core of journals. Formulated by Eugene Garfield — founder of the Science Citation Index — and presented in his 1972 Science paper 'Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation', the law observes that when journals are ranked by how often they are cited, a core of perhaps 500 to 1,000 journals accounts for the overwhelming majority of all citations across all fields. Garfield framed it as a generalization and corollary of Bradford's earlier law of scattering: the long tail of any one discipline's literature is in large part composed of the cores of other disciplines, so a single multidisciplinary core covers science as a whole. The law underpins the rationale for selective, citation-based journal indexing.