قارن الطرق

	التعلم الاتحادي المتين	التعلم التحويلي
المجال	تعلم الآلة	تعلم الآلة
العائلة	Machine learning	Machine learning
سنة النشأة	2017	2010 (formalized); 1990s (early roots)
صاحب الطريقة	Blanchard, P.; El Mhamdi, E. M.; Guerraoui, R.	Pan, S. J. & Yang, Q. (survey); Bengio, Y. (deep learning framing)
النوع	Distributed learning with Byzantine-tolerant aggregation	Learning paradigm
المصدر التأسيسي	Blanchard, P., El Mhamdi, E. M., Guerraoui, R., & Stainer, J. (2017). Machine Learning with Adversaries: Byzantine Tolerant Gradient Descent. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 30.	Pan, S. J., & Yang, Q. (2010). A Survey on Transfer Learning. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 22(10), 1345–1359.
الأسماء البديلة	Byzantine-robust federated learning, fault-tolerant federated learning, robust FL, Byzantine-tolerant distributed learning	TL, domain adaptation, fine-tuning, pre-trained model adaptation
ذات صلة	6	3
الملخص	Robust Federated Learning extends standard federated learning with Byzantine-tolerant aggregation rules that protect the global model against malicious, corrupted, or unreliable clients. Instead of naively averaging client gradients, robust aggregation methods such as coordinate-wise median or Krum filter out harmful updates so that a minority of adversarial participants cannot derail training.	Transfer learning is a machine learning paradigm in which knowledge gained from training a model on a source task or domain is reused to improve learning on a different but related target task or domain. It is especially powerful when labeled data for the target task is scarce, and it underlies most modern deep learning applications in computer vision, natural language processing, and beyond.