قارن الطرق

	تقييم اختبار الفحص المعدل حسب المخاطر	دراسة الحالة والشاهد
المجال	علم الأوبئة	علم الأوبئة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	Late 1990s–2000s (formal statistical framework ~1997–2009)	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
صاحب الطريقة	Margaret Sullivan Pepe and colleagues (covariate-adjusted ROC methodology)	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
النوع	Analytical study design	Observational analytic study design
المصدر التأسيسي	Pepe, M. S. (2003). The Statistical Evaluation of Medical Tests for Classification and Prediction. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0198565826	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
الأسماء البديلة	risk-stratified screening accuracy study, covariate-adjusted diagnostic accuracy evaluation, risk-adjusted screening performance assessment, RASTE	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	Risk-adjusted screening test evaluation assesses the sensitivity, specificity, and overall discriminatory accuracy of a screening test after accounting for patient-level risk factors (covariates) that independently influence test results or disease prevalence. By conditioning performance metrics on observed covariates — age, sex, comorbidities, or prior screening history — this approach yields accuracy estimates that are not confounded by differences in population risk profiles, enabling fair comparisons across subgroups or study settings.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.