قارن الطرق

	دراسة وبائية استعادية مقطعية	الدراسة الوبائية المقطعية
المجال	علم الأوبئة	علم الأوبئة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	Mid–late 20th century	1960s (formal codification); widely practiced since mid-20th century
صاحب الطريقة	Epidemiology tradition (formalized in mid-20th century; Rothman, Greenland and others)	Classical epidemiology tradition; systematized by Brian MacMahon and Thomas Pugh (1960s)
النوع	Observational study design	Observational, descriptive/analytic epidemiological design
المصدر التأسيسي	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195080407
الأسماء البديلة	retrospective cross-sectional survey, record-based cross-sectional study, retrospective prevalence study, secondary-data cross-sectional study	prevalence study, cross-sectional survey, transversal study, cross-sectional design
ذات صلة	5	6
الملخص	A retrospective cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the prevalence of exposures and outcomes at a single analytical time point using data that were originally recorded in the past — such as medical records, administrative databases, or disease registries. It combines the snapshot logic of a cross-sectional design with the efficiency of retrospective data access, making it a practical choice when prospective data collection is unfeasible or when large existing datasets are available.	A cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest simultaneously in a defined population at a single point in time (or over a short period). Because there is no follow-up, it is the most efficient observational design for estimating disease prevalence and for generating hypotheses about associations between risk factors and health outcomes.