قارن الطرق

	Response to Intervention	Educational Growth Curve Modeling
المجال	Education	Education
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Regression model
سنة النشأة	2006	1987
صاحب الطريقة	Special education / school psychology field (Deno; Fuchs & Fuchs; Vaughn)	Anthony Bryk & Stephen Raudenbush; Judith Singer & John Willett
النوع	Tiered framework for screening, intervention, and learning-disability identification	Longitudinal multilevel model of individual change
المصدر التأسيسي	Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2006). Introduction to response to intervention: What, why, and how valid is it? Reading Research Quarterly, 41(1), 93–99.	Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780195152968
الأسماء البديلة	RTI, RtI, Multi-Tiered System of Supports, MTSS	Latent Growth Curve Modeling in Education, Multilevel Growth Models for Achievement, Individual Growth Trajectory Analysis, Learning Trajectory Modeling
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Response to intervention (RTI) is a multi-tiered framework for preventing academic failure and identifying students with learning disabilities by their responsiveness to high-quality instruction. All students are screened and taught with evidence-based core instruction; those who fall behind receive progressively more intensive intervention while their progress is closely monitored. Students who fail to respond even to intensive, well-implemented intervention are flagged as needing further evaluation. RTI reframes disability identification from a static test discrepancy to a dynamic question of who does not respond to good teaching.	Educational growth curve modeling is a longitudinal multilevel technique for describing and explaining how individual students change over time on an outcome such as reading or mathematics achievement. Building on the hierarchical linear models framework formalized by Bryk and Raudenbush (1987) and the applied longitudinal treatment of Singer and Willett (2003), it fits each student a personal trajectory — an intercept and one or more slopes — and then models how those personal growth parameters vary across students and relate to learner characteristics, classrooms, and schools.