قارن الطرق

	الملاحظة عن بعد غير المشاركة	القومية الرقمية
المجال	منهجية المسح	نوعي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1990s–2000s (digital/virtual adaptation)	Late 1990s – 2000s
صاحب الطريقة	Adapted from classical non-participant observation; remote digital application developed through internet research methodology (Hine, Mann, Stewart, and others, 1990s–2000s)	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert V. Kozinets (netnography)
النوع	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative research method
المصدر التأسيسي	Salmons, J. (2015). Qualitative Online Interviews: Strategies, Design, and Skills (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483332093	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228
الأسماء البديلة	remote unobtrusive observation, virtual non-participant observation, online non-participant observation, digital observer-only observation	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, internet ethnography, netnography
ذات صلة	5	6
الملخص	Remote non-participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher observes naturally occurring behavior, interaction, or activity from a distance — via video conferencing platforms, live-streamed sessions, online communities, or recorded media — without joining or influencing the setting. The researcher maintains a purely observer role throughout, recording field notes without actively participating in the observed context.	Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media platforms, forums, gaming spaces, or messaging groups — to understand how culture, identity, and social practice are constructed through digital interaction. The approach recognises that online spaces are not merely reflections of offline life but distinctive sites of cultural production in their own right.