قارن الطرق

	Red Tape Measurement	Policy Implementation Analysis
المجال	Public Administration	Public Administration
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2000	1973
صاحب الطريقة	Barry Bozeman	Jeffrey Pressman & Aaron Wildavsky
النوع	Survey-based organizational measurement	Process-tracing policy analysis
المصدر التأسيسي	Bozeman, B. (2000). Bureaucracy and Red Tape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780137566501	Pressman, J. L., & Wildavsky, A. (1973). Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN: 9780520053311
الأسماء البديلة	Red Tape Assessment, Bureaucratic Red Tape Measurement, Organizational Red Tape Analysis	Implementation Studies, Top-Down Implementation Analysis, Implementation Gap Analysis
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Red tape measurement is the systematic assessment of burdensome organisational rules and procedures that impose compliance costs without advancing the legitimate purposes the rules were meant to serve. The approach was given rigorous theoretical foundations by Barry Bozeman, whose 2000 book Bureaucracy and Red Tape defined red tape precisely so that it could be studied rather than merely complained about. Crucially, the framework distinguishes pathological red tape from legitimate, functional rules, and separates the objective existence of rules from managers' and employees' perceptions of them. Its goal is to measure how much red tape an organisation carries, where it comes from, and what it costs in performance and morale.	Policy implementation analysis studies what happens between the moment a policy is decided and the moment it reaches its intended effect, asking why outcomes so often fall short of stated objectives. The field was founded by Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky's 1973 study of a federal employment program in Oakland, which showed how a long chain of required agreements and clearances steadily eroded great expectations. The method traces the implementation chain — the actors, decision points and conditions through which a policy must pass — to locate where and why it succeeds or fails. Its central object is the implementation gap between policy as legislated and policy as delivered.