قارن الطرق

	Recreation Experience Preference Scales	Leisure Motivation Scale
المجال	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1996	1983
صاحب الطريقة	B. L. Driver; Michael J. Manfredo & Michael A. Tarrant	Jacob G. Beard & Mounir G. Ragheb
النوع	Latent-structure measurement model of desired psychological outcomes of recreation	Latent-structure measurement model of leisure motivation
المصدر التأسيسي	Manfredo, M. J., Driver, B. L., & Tarrant, M. A. (1996). Measuring Leisure Motivation: A Meta-Analysis of the Recreation Experience Preference Scales. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 188-213.	Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring Leisure Motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219-228.
الأسماء البديلة	REP Scales, Driver REP Scales, Recreation Experience Preferences, Desired Outcomes Scales	LMS, Beard & Ragheb Leisure Motivation Scale, Leisure Motivation Inventory, Four-Motive Leisure Scale
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scales are a hierarchical battery of self-report measures, developed by B. L. Driver and colleagues over three decades, that quantify the desired psychological outcomes people seek from recreation. Rather than asking which activity someone prefers, REP asks why — capturing the experiences a person hopes to attain, organized into broad domains (such as enjoying nature, escaping pressure, achievement, affiliation, and learning) that each contain narrower scales. Manfredo, Driver, and Tarrant's 1996 meta-analysis in the Journal of Leisure Research consolidated more than three dozen studies that had used REP items, documenting a stable factor structure and reliable subscales and establishing REP as the standard motivational measure in outdoor recreation. The instrument operationalizes the behavioral, or expectancy-valence, view that recreation is goal-directed: people choose settings and activities expecting to satisfy specific experiential goals.	The Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS), developed by Jacob Beard and Mounir Ragheb in their 1983 Journal of Leisure Research article, measures the psychological and social reasons people give for participating in leisure. Building on Maslow's need theory and the leisure-needs literature, the scale reduces leisure motivation to four broad motives, each represented by twelve items: the intellectual motive (mental activity — learning, exploring, imagining), the social motive (friendship and interpersonal relationships, including the need for esteem), the competence-mastery motive (achievement, challenge, and the testing of skills), and the stimulus-avoidance motive (the drive to escape and to seek rest, solitude, and relaxation). Administered to 1,205 respondents and refined by item and factor analysis, the four subscales achieved reliabilities near .90 and became, alongside the companion Leisure Satisfaction Scale, the most widely used motivation measure in leisure studies and tourism.