قارن الطرق

	Real-Time Study of Language Change	Perceptual Dialectology
المجال	علم اللغة	علم اللغة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1994	1989
صاحب الطريقة	William Labov (and the variationist tradition)	Dennis R. Preston (building on Dutch and Japanese folk-dialectology traditions)
النوع	Longitudinal design for observing language change directly	Folk-linguistic method for studying non-linguists' perceptions of dialects
المصدر التأسيسي	Sankoff, G., & Blondeau, H. (2007). Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French. Language, 83(3), 560–588.	Preston, D. R. (1989). Perceptual Dialectology: Nonlinguists' Views of Areal Linguistics. Foris. ISBN: 9789067654487
الأسماء البديلة	Real-Time Analysis, Trend and Panel Study, Longitudinal Language Change Study	Folk Dialectology, Perceptual Dialect Mapping, Draw-a-Map Dialectology
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The real-time study of language change observes change directly by comparing comparable data from the same speech community gathered at two or more actual points in time. Where apparent-time analysis infers change from age differences in a single snapshot, real-time study watches the community across the calendar, either by drawing a fresh sample of the same community years later (a trend study) or by re-recording the very same individuals (a panel study). It is the gold standard for confirming that a change has occurred and for distinguishing community-wide generational change from change within individual speakers over their lifespan.	Perceptual dialectology studies what ordinary, non-linguist speakers believe about language variation: where they think different dialects are spoken, what those dialects sound like, and how correct, pleasant, or different they judge them to be. Developed in its modern form by Dennis R. Preston in the 1980s, it is a branch of folk linguistics that treats lay perceptions as data in their own right rather than as errors to be corrected. Through draw-a-map tasks, dialect ranking, and identification exercises, it reveals the mental maps and social evaluations that shape how people experience the linguistic landscape around them.