قارن الطرق

	اختبار زد لنسبتين	اختبار ذي الحدين الدقيق
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1900	1988
صاحب الطريقة	Karl Pearson / classical large-sample z approximation	Classical exact test; textbook treatment by Siegel & Castellan
النوع	Parametric proportion comparison	Exact one-sample test for a proportion
المصدر التأسيسي	Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003). Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions (3rd ed.). Wiley.	Siegel, S. & Castellan, N. J. (1988). Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070573574
الأسماء البديلة	z-test for proportions, two-sample proportion test, one-proportion z-test, Oran Testi — z Testi (Oranlar)	exact binomial test, binomial probability test, exact test for a proportion, Tam Binom Testi
ذات صلة	4	2
الملخص	The proportion test (z-test for proportions) is a parametric hypothesis test that compares one or two sample proportions against a reference value or each other. Grounded in the large-sample normal approximation formalized by Fleiss, Levin, and Paik (2003), it is the standard tool for binary outcome comparisons when samples are large enough for the central limit theorem to apply.	The exact binomial test checks whether the observed number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials is consistent with a pre-specified success probability p₀. Because it computes exact binomial tail probabilities rather than relying on a normal approximation, it is the gold standard for testing a proportion in small samples; this two-sided formulation follows Siegel & Castellan's classic treatment (1988).