قارن الطرق

	تصميم سليمان الرباعي المجموعات العملي	تصميم التجربة بالقياس القبلي والبعدي
المجال	التصميم التجريبي	التصميم التجريبي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1949 (Solomon design); pragmatic variant in applied use from 1990s onward	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)
صاحب الطريقة	Solomon four-group design: Richard L. Solomon (1949); pragmatic orientation formalized by Schwartz & Lellouch (1967) and Thorpe et al. (2009)	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
النوع	Experimental design (pragmatic variant)	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design
المصدر التأسيسي	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
الأسماء البديلة	pragmatic S4GD, real-world Solomon four-group design, pragmatic pretest-control design, pragmatic Solomon design	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Pragmatic Solomon Four-Group Design combines the pretest-sensitization control logic of the classic Solomon (1949) four-group structure with the broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and real-world conditions characteristic of pragmatic trials. Four groups are formed: two receive the intervention (one pretested, one not) and two serve as controls (one pretested, one not), allowing simultaneous estimation of treatment effects and pretest sensitization effects under ecologically valid settings.	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.