قارن الطرق

	تصميم تجريبي براغماتي قبلي-بعدي	التجربة العشوائية المُحكّمة العملية
المجال	التصميم التجريبي	التصميم التجريبي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1963 (pre-post design); 1967 (pragmatic distinction)	1967
صاحب الطريقة	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); Campbell & Stanley (pre-post design)	Daniel Schwartz and Joseph Lellouch
النوع	Experimental / quasi-experimental design	Experimental design — pragmatic trial
المصدر التأسيسي	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637-648.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
الأسماء البديلة	pragmatic pre-post design, real-world pretest-posttest study, effectiveness pre-post design, pragmatic before-after study	pRCT, pragmatic trial, practical clinical trial, real-world RCT
ذات صلة	5	4
الملخص	A pragmatic pretest-posttest experimental design combines the before-after measurement structure of the classic pre-post design with the real-world, high-external-validity ethos of pragmatic research. Participants are assessed on relevant outcomes before an intervention is delivered in routine or naturalistic conditions, then re-assessed afterward. The goal is to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention as it actually works in practice rather than under ideal, tightly controlled efficacy conditions.	A pragmatic randomized controlled trial (pRCT) tests whether an intervention works under ordinary, real-world conditions — broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and routine care settings. Participants are still randomly assigned to treatment or control, preserving causal inference, but the study is designed to reflect the diversity and variability of actual practice rather than the ideal conditions of an explanatory trial. The defining framework is the PRECIS-2 tool, which maps any RCT along nine pragmatic-to-explanatory dimensions.