قارن الطرق

	دراسة حالة-ضابط متداخلة براغماتية	دراسة الحالة والشاهد
المجال	علم الأوبئة	علم الأوبئة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1977 (nested case-control); pragmatic variant emerged in real-world evidence research from 1990s onwards	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
صاحب الطريقة	Duncan Thomas (nested case-control); pragmatic design concept from Schwartz & Lellouch (1967)	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
النوع	Observational epidemiological study design	Observational analytic study design
المصدر التأسيسي	Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491.	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
الأسماء البديلة	real-world nested case-control, pragmatic NCC, nested case-control in routine data, real-world evidence nested case-control	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
ذات صلة	5	6
الملخص	A pragmatic nested case-control study embeds a case-control analysis within a pre-existing real-world cohort — typically drawn from electronic health records, administrative claims, or disease registries — to examine associations between exposures and outcomes under routine clinical conditions. Controls are sampled from the risk set (those still at risk at the time each case occurs), preserving temporal sequence while dramatically reducing data-collection costs compared with a full cohort analysis.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.