قارن الطرق

	مقياس الشعبوية	استبيان العقلية التآمرية	مقياس الأيديولوجيا السياسية
المجال	علم النفس السياسي	علم النفس السياسي	علم النفس السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2014	2013	1990
صاحب الطريقة	Matthijs Bukkerman, Cas Mudde, Andrej Zaslaysky	Roland Imhoff & Marko Bruder	Hans-Dieter Klingemann & Norberto Bobbio
النوع	Self-report	Self-report	Self-report
المصدر التأسيسي	Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslaysky, A. (2014). How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324-1353.	Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013). Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 225.	Fuchs, D., & Klingemann, H. D. (1990). The left-right schema. In M. Kent Jennings & Jan W. Van Deth (Eds.), Continuities in political action. Berlin: De Gruyter.
الأسماء البديلة	PAS, Akkerman Populism Scale, Populist Attitudes Measure	CMQ, Conspiracy Ideation Scale, Generic Conspiracy Belief	Left-Right Scale, Ideology Continuum, Political Spectrum Scale
ذات صلة	3	3	3
الملخص	The Populism Attitudes Scale measures individual propensity toward populist political orientations, including Manichean worldview (pure people vs. corrupt elites), belief in popular sovereignty, and anti-elitism. Developed by Akkerman, Mudde, and Zaslaysky (2014), the eight-item scale distinguishes populist attitudes from left-right ideology, authoritarian attitudes, and distrust of institutions. It captures voters' susceptibility to populist political messaging across left-wing and right-wing populist movements globally, from Latin American left-populism to European right-wing populism.	The Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire measures individual differences in generic conspiracy thinking—the tendency to attribute significant events to hidden, coordinated group actions by powerful actors rather than to incompetence, chance, or transparent public causes. Developed by Bruder et al. (2013), the five-item CMQ assesses a stable dispositional trait that predicts belief in diverse conspiracy theories (JFK assassination, 9/11 truthers, anti-vaccine narratives, QAnon) and distrust of institutions. It captures conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude distinct from specific beliefs.	The Political Ideology Scale measures individual self-placement on a left-right political spectrum, capturing fundamental preferences for government role, economic organization, and social values. The single-item self-placement measure (most common) asks respondents to rate themselves on a 0-10 or 0-100 continuum; multi-item versions assess distinct ideological dimensions (economic policy, social policy, nationalism). The left-right axis remains the dominant organizing principle of political competition globally, predicting party choice, policy preferences, and electoral behavior despite critiques that it oversimplifies multidimensional political space.