قارن الطرق

	تطوير المقياس متعدد الفئات	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي (CFA)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1969–1982	1969
صاحب الطريقة	Samejima, F.; Masters, G. N. (independently)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
النوع	Psychometric scale construction	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
المصدر التأسيسي	Embretson, S. E. & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item Response Theory for Psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805828191	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
الأسماء البديلة	polytomous item development, ordered-category scale construction, rating scale development, multi-category item development	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
ذات صلة	6	4
الملخص	Polytomous scale development is the systematic construction and validation of measurement instruments whose items have three or more ordered response categories — such as Likert-type, rating, or partial-credit items. It applies polytomous item response theory models or ordinal factor analysis methods to evaluate item quality, estimate latent trait levels, and build a psychometrically sound scale.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.