قارن الطرق

	نموذج راش متعدد الفئات	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي (CFA)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1978–1982	1969
صاحب الطريقة	Gerhard N. Masters (Partial Credit Model); David Andrich (Rating Scale Model)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
النوع	Item response model	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
المصدر التأسيسي	Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
الأسماء البديلة	PRM, Rating Scale Model, Partial Credit Model, Polytomous IRT Rasch	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
ذات صلة	6	4
الملخص	The Polytomous Rasch Model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to ordered response scales with three or more categories, such as Likert items or partial-credit tasks. It estimates person ability and item difficulty on the same interval-level logit scale, and it tests whether the response categories function as intended — prerequisites for rigorous ordinal measurement.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.