قارن الطرق

	اختبار الثبات القياسي للمقاييس متعددة الفئات	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي (CFA)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	2000–2004	1969
صاحب الطريقة	Roger E. Millsap, Robert J. Vandenberg	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
النوع	Multi-group confirmatory test	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
المصدر التأسيسي	Millsap, R. E. & Kwok, O.-M. (2004). Evaluating the impact of partial factor loading and intercept invariance on selection utility. Psychological Methods, 9(2), 200–215.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
الأسماء البديلة	PMI, ordinal measurement invariance, polytomous factorial invariance, polytomous multi-group measurement invariance	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
ذات صلة	5	4
الملخص	Polytomous measurement invariance testing evaluates whether a scale with ordered categorical (polytomous) response options — such as Likert-type items — measures the same latent construct in the same way across two or more groups. It extends classical multi-group CFA invariance testing to properly account for the ordinal nature of item responses, ensuring that group comparisons of latent means or factor structures are substantively valid.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.