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| تحليل البنود متعددة الخيارات× | تحليل العوامل التأكيدي (CFA)× | |
|---|---|---|
| المجال | القياس النفسي | القياس النفسي |
| العائلة | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| سنة النشأة≠ | 1969–1982 | 1969 |
| صاحب الطريقة≠ | Fumiko Samejima (graded response model, 1969); David Andrich (rating scale model, 1978); Geoffrey Masters (partial credit model, 1982) | Karl Gustav Jöreskog |
| النوع≠ | Item-level psychometric analysis | Hypothesis-testing latent variable model |
| المصدر التأسيسي≠ | Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, 34(4, Pt. 2), 1–97. DOI ↗ | Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. DOI ↗ |
| الأسماء البديلة | ordered-category item analysis, graded response analysis, polytomous IRT, rated-scale item analysis | CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis |
| ذات صلة | 4 | 4 |
| الملخص≠ | Polytomous item analysis examines the psychometric behavior of items that have more than two ordered response categories — such as Likert-type scales or partial-credit tasks. It evaluates each item's difficulty thresholds, discriminating power, and category functioning to determine whether the full response scale is being used as intended and whether each item contributes reliably to measuring the underlying construct. | Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing. |
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