قارن الطرق

	مقياس التسامح السياسي	مقياس الدعم الديمقراطي	مقياس الثقة السياسية
المجال	علم النفس السياسي	علم النفس السياسي	علم النفس السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1955	1999	1974
صاحب الطريقة	Samuel Stouffer, James Gibson, John Sullivan	Russell Dalton & Pippa Norris	Arthur H. Miller
النوع	Self-report	Self-report	Self-report
المصدر التأسيسي	Stouffer, S. A. (1955). Communism, conformity, and civil liberties: A cross-section of the nation speaks its mind. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.	Dalton, R. J. (2004). Democratic challenges, democratic choices: The erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.	Miller, A. H. (1974). Political issues and trust in government: 1964-1970. American Political Science Review, 68(3), 951-972.
الأسماء البديلة	DTCL, Civil Liberties Scale, Majoritarian Constraint Scale	SFD, Democratic Legitimacy Scale, System Support Scale	PTS, Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) Trust Module
ذات صلة	2	3	3
الملخص	The Political Tolerance Scale measures willingness to permit unpopular groups to exercise civil liberties and political rights, including free speech, assembly, and voting rights even for groups the respondent strongly opposes. Pioneered by Stouffer (1955) measuring tolerance of communists during McCarthyism and extended by Gibson (1989) and Sullivan, Piereson, and Marcus (1982), the scale assesses fundamental democratic commitment—that pluralism and minority rights supersede majoritarian preference. It addresses the paradox: can democracy survive if majorities vote to restrict minority rights? Tolerance is essential for democratic stability, particularly as polarization increases.	The Democratic Support Scale measures citizen commitment to democracy as a regime type, including beliefs that democracy is the best system of government, willingness to defend democratic institutions, and rejection of non-democratic alternatives. Pioneered by Norris (1999) and Dalton (2004) in comparative research, the measure distinguishes regime support (belief in democracy's superiority) from performance support (satisfaction with current government). It addresses the paradox of 'critical citizens'—in advanced democracies, people often express dissatisfaction with current government performance while maintaining deep commitment to democratic principles.	The Political Trust Scale measures citizen confidence in government institutions, elected officials, and the political system's responsiveness and fairness. Pioneered by Miller (1974) and operationalized across comparative electoral studies (CSES Module 5), the scale captures both diffuse trust (in the political system generally) and specific trust (in particular institutions such as parliament or the executive). It is central to understanding democratic legitimacy, political engagement, and support for democratic institutions.