قارن الطرق

	مقياس الارتباط بالمكان	مقياس صورة الوجهة
المجال	إدارة السياحة	إدارة السياحة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1992	1991
صاحب الطريقة	Williams, D. R.; Vaske, J. J.	Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B.
النوع	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire / Semantic differential scale
المصدر التأسيسي	Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (1992). The measurement of place attachment: Valid and reliable instruments for natural environments. Society and Natural Resources, 15(3), 271-280.	Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35(4), 11-15.
الأسماء البديلة	PAS, Destination Attachment Scale	DIS, Destination Perception Scale
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Place Attachment Scale (PAS), developed by Williams & Vaske (1992) and refined by Jorgensen & Stedman (2001), measures individuals' emotional and functional bonds to destinations—the extent to which places become integral to identity and sense of belonging. Comprising dimensions of place identity (destination as self-definition), place dependence (destination optimizes one's activities), emotional bonds (love, comfort), and community belonging, the PAS distinguishes deep loyalty-drivers from transactional satisfaction. Essential for understanding repeat visitation, community tourism governance, heritage conservation, and destination branding strategies that cultivate belonging.	The Destination Image Scale (DIS) measures how potential or actual visitors perceive and emotionally evaluate a tourism destination. Developed by Echtner & Ritchie (1991) and extended by Baloglu & Brinberg (1997), it captures both rational beliefs about destination attributes (attractions, climate, value, safety) and affective emotional responses (excitement, pleasantness, arousal). Destination image is a primary driver of visitation intention and repeat patronage, making the DIS essential for destination marketing strategy and competitive positioning.