قارن الطرق

	اختبار التبديل (العشوائية)	الاستدلال بالتمهيد
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	2005	1979
صاحب الطريقة	Good (2005); Edgington & Onghena (2007); resampling tradition	Bradley Efron
النوع	Nonparametric resampling test	Resampling-based inference
المصدر التأسيسي	Good, P. (2005). Permutation, Parametric and Bootstrap Tests of Hypotheses (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387202792	Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1-26.
الأسماء البديلة	randomization test, exact permutation test, re-randomization test, Permütasyon Testi	bootstrap, bootstrap resampling, nonparametric bootstrap, Bootstrap Çıkarımı
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The permutation test is a nonparametric resampling procedure that builds the sampling distribution of a test statistic directly from the data by repeatedly shuffling the group labels. Developed in the resampling tradition and treated systematically by Good (2005) and Edgington & Onghena (2007), it requires no parametric distributional assumption and yields an exact p-value.	Bootstrap inference, introduced by Bradley Efron in 1979, estimates the sampling distribution of a statistic by repeatedly resampling the observed data with replacement. It requires no distributional assumption and produces reliable confidence intervals even in small samples.